diff --git a/backend-java/src/main/java/com/nanri/aiimage/modules/permission/service/PermissionMenuService.java b/backend-java/src/main/java/com/nanri/aiimage/modules/permission/service/PermissionMenuService.java
index 14a2f985..de1c6f58 100644
--- a/backend-java/src/main/java/com/nanri/aiimage/modules/permission/service/PermissionMenuService.java
+++ b/backend-java/src/main/java/com/nanri/aiimage/modules/permission/service/PermissionMenuService.java
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ public class PermissionMenuService {
         entity.setParentId(parentId);
         entity.setMenuType(menuType);
         entity.setRoutePath(routePath);
-        entity.setSortOrder(resolveSortOrder(request.getSortOrder(), null));
+        entity.setSortOrder(resolveSortOrder(menuType, request.getSortOrder(), null));
         permissionMenuMapper.insert(entity);
         return toItemVo(getMenuById(entity.getId()));
     }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ public class PermissionMenuService {
         entity.setParentId(parentId);
         entity.setMenuType(menuType);
         entity.setRoutePath(routePath);
-        entity.setSortOrder(resolveSortOrder(request.getSortOrder(), id));
+        entity.setSortOrder(resolveSortOrder(menuType, request.getSortOrder(), id));
         permissionMenuMapper.updateById(entity);
         return toItemVo(getMenuById(id));
     }
@@ -410,12 +410,7 @@ public class PermissionMenuService {
     }
 
     private List<PermissionMenuEntity> loadMenus(String menuType) {
-        String normalizedType = normalizeMenuType(menuType);
-        LambdaQueryWrapper<PermissionMenuEntity> query = new LambdaQueryWrapper<PermissionMenuEntity>()
-                .eq(normalizedType != null, PermissionMenuEntity::getMenuType, normalizedType)
-                .orderByAsc(PermissionMenuEntity::getSortOrder)
-                .orderByAsc(PermissionMenuEntity::getId);
-        List<PermissionMenuEntity> rows = permissionMenuMapper.selectList(query);
+        List<PermissionMenuEntity> rows = loadRawMenus(menuType);
         if (rows == null || rows.isEmpty()) {
             return List.of();
         }
@@ -425,6 +420,20 @@ public class PermissionMenuService {
                 .toList();
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Fetches every menu (optionally scoped to one type) in insertion order.
+     * Sorting happens in {@link #loadMenus(String)} and only for hierarchies
+     * that actually need one, keeping raw SQL and comparator semantics in sync.
+     */
+    private List<PermissionMenuEntity> loadRawMenus(String menuType) {
+        String normalizedType = normalizeMenuType(menuType);
+        LambdaQueryWrapper<PermissionMenuEntity> query = new LambdaQueryWrapper<PermissionMenuEntity>()
+                .eq(normalizedType != null, PermissionMenuEntity::getMenuType, normalizedType)
+                .orderByAsc(PermissionMenuEntity::getSortOrder)
+                .orderByAsc(PermissionMenuEntity::getId);
+        return permissionMenuMapper.selectList(query);
+    }
+
     private List<Long> loadDirectColumnIds(Long userId) {
         List<UserColumnPermissionEntity> rows = userColumnPermissionMapper.selectByUserId(userId);
         if (rows == null || rows.isEmpty()) {
@@ -751,12 +760,30 @@ public class PermissionMenuService {
         return new ArrayList<>(uniqueIds);
     }
 
+    /** app 分组排在 admin 分组之前；组内按 sort_order, id 排。 */
     private Comparator<PermissionMenuEntity> menuComparator() {
         return Comparator
-                .comparing(PermissionMenuEntity::getSortOrder, Comparator.nullsLast(Integer::compareTo))
+                .comparing(PermissionMenuEntity::getMenuType, Comparator.nullsLast(menuTypeRank()))
+                .thenComparing(PermissionMenuEntity::getSortOrder, Comparator.nullsLast(Integer::compareTo))
                 .thenComparing(PermissionMenuEntity::getId, Comparator.nullsLast(Long::compareTo));
     }
 
+    private Comparator<String> menuTypeRank() {
+        return Comparator.comparing(this::menuTypePriority);
+    }
+
+    /** App 菜单优先展示在 admin 菜单之前。 */
+    private int menuTypePriority(String menuType) {
+        if (MENU_TYPE_APP.equals(menuType)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+        if (MENU_TYPE_ADMIN.equals(menuType)) {
+            return 1;
+        }
+        // Internal/legacy rows stay out of the way of both user-facing groups.
+        return 2;
+    }
+
     private List<PermissionMenuItemVo> toItemVos(List<PermissionMenuEntity> visibleMenus,
                                                   List<PermissionMenuEntity> hierarchyMenus) {
         Map<Long, PermissionMenuEntity> menuMap = hierarchyMenus.stream()
@@ -800,11 +827,18 @@ public class PermissionMenuService {
         return root.getColumnKey();
     }
 
-    private Integer resolveSortOrder(Integer sortOrder, Long excludeId) {
+    /**
+     * Resolves the default sort order when none is supplied, scoped to the
+     * menu's own type (parent takes precedence, then hierarchy ancestors).
+     * The DB query mirrors {@link #loadMenus(String)} ordering so the last row
+     * is the true tail of the type's ordering.
+     */
+    private Integer resolveSortOrder(String menuType, Integer sortOrder, Long excludeId) {
         if (sortOrder != null) {
             return sortOrder;
         }
         PermissionMenuEntity tail = permissionMenuMapper.selectOne(new LambdaQueryWrapper<PermissionMenuEntity>()
+                .eq(PermissionMenuEntity::getMenuType, normalizeMenuType(menuType))
                 .ne(excludeId != null, PermissionMenuEntity::getId, excludeId)
                 .orderByDesc(PermissionMenuEntity::getSortOrder)
                 .orderByDesc(PermissionMenuEntity::getId)