diff --git a/backend-java/src/test/java/com/nanri/aiimage/modules/permission/service/support/Task146Test.java b/backend-java/src/test/java/com/nanri/aiimage/modules/permission/service/support/Task146Test.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f955f9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend-java/src/test/java/com/nanri/aiimage/modules/permission/service/support/Task146Test.java
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package com.nanri.aiimage.modules.permission.service.support;
+
+import com.nanri.aiimage.modules.permission.model.vo.PermissionMenuItemVo;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+/** task-146：空父节点/脏数据处理(孤儿检测)。 */
+class Task146Test {
+
+    private PermissionMenuItemVo m(Long id, Long parent) {
+        PermissionMenuItemVo vo = new PermissionMenuItemVo();
+        vo.setId(id);
+        vo.setParentId(parent);
+        vo.setColumnKey("k" + id);
+        vo.setMenuType("admin");
+        return vo;
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_normal_primary_path() {
+        assertFalse(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(List.of(m(1L, null), m(2L, 1L))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_normal_variant_input() {
+        assertTrue(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(List.of(m(1L, null), m(2L, 99L))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_repeated_is_idempotent() {
+        List<PermissionMenuItemVo> menus = List.of(m(1L, null), m(2L, 99L));
+        assertTrue(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(menus) == AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(menus));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_boundary_empty_input() {
+        assertFalse(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(null));
+        assertFalse(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(List.of()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_boundary_single_item() {
+        assertFalse(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(List.of(m(1L, null))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_boundary_limit_or_missing_field() {
+        // null 项忽略
+        assertFalse(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(Arrays.asList((PermissionMenuItemVo) null)));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_invalid_input_rejected() {
+        assertTrue(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(List.of(m(1L, null), m(2L, 3L), m(3L, 4L))));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void test_task_146_implement_dependency_failure_returns_actionable_message() {
+        // 发现脏数据可由调用方记录并阻止上线
+        assertTrue(AdminMenuTreeBuilder.hasOrphanParent(List.of(m(1L, 8L))));
+    }
+}